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Subject: "Garbage in our streets - garbage in our hearts"

ΙΙ Scientific-practical conference "Youth, Science, Interest"
MAOY Gymnasium №16 «Interest»
Subject: "Garbage in our streets - garbage in our hearts"
pupils: Potanin I., A. Savenko.,Zavidov E., 5 "g"
the teacher of english: Yurkevichene Anna Sergeevna.,
t.Lyubertsy
2015
Contents:
Ι. Introduction
ΙΙ.The main part.
ΙΙ.1 Facts and Figures
ΙΙ.2 Disposal Methods
ΙΙ.3 Economic efficiency of municipal solid waste in Europe
ΙΙΙ. Conclusions.
ΙV. Instruction "The rules of the environmental behavior"
V. Applications
I. Introduction
Actuality:
One of the problems faced by each of us - it's rubbish. Abandoned on the
streets of cigarette butts, wrappers, cans and bottles, waste containers
around the crowded, dumps, unfortunately, become an integral part of
our environment. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the most
important environmental pollution. Only plastic trash, according to
scientists, will be destroyed 2000 years. One person "produces" a year
around 300 kg of municipal waste (paper, glass, plastic, cloth, etc.).
We are very concerned about this topic, and we decided to study the
issue as an example of our native land and to compare the situation in
European countries.
In its work, we tried to sort out this problem.
Aim: To analyze the issues of recycling and sorting of household
waste in Russia and Europe. Conduct research economic factors
solid waste processing. Suggest ways of waste recycling in Russia.
Objectives:
• Analyze the environmental problem.
• Explore methods of recycling and disposal of solid waste.
• Assess the cost-effectiveness of processing methods on the example of
European countries.
• To draw attention to the problem and propose solutions.
The main part.
II.1 Facts and Figures
II.1.1 Today, according to the state corporation "Russian Technologies",
which is the largest market participant from waste in the country, on the
territory of Russia has accumulated more than 31 billion tons of waste
Nonrecycled. And their number is increasing annually by more than 60
million tons.
Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, it has been estimated that every
Russian accounting for 400 kilograms of waste per year. Well, the
average Russian family, consisting of four, throws for a year about
150 kilograms of various kinds of plastic, about 100 pounds of
paper, and about 1,000 of glass bottles.
However, the root of the garbage problem in Russia, particularly in the
Moscow region, is not a constant increase in the volume of solid waste,
but rather the inability to properly dispose of these wastes. Data
available from the company "Russian Technologies" suggest that at least
40% of the total accumulated waste in the country is a valuable
secondary raw materials. However, the processing goes only about 7-8%
of household waste, and the rest of the garbage is transported to a
landfill (see chart in Appendix A).
II.1.2 Lyubertsy incinerators and landfills.
Our neighborhood "Red Hill" is surrounded by several environmentally
adverse factors:
- Serious gassed from MKAD
highway and Novoryazanskoye
highway;
- The presence of two incinerators;
- The proximity of the refinery Kapotnya;
- The presence of nearby Lyuberetskiy irrigated fields - places where
decades merged all Moscow drainage (with residential areas and
industrial zones of Moscow).
Incinerator number 4 - factory in the industrial zone
"Rudnyo
vo."
It is the largest plant in the Moscow region. On an average
day there are burned about 700 tons of solid waste. Of
course, the factory installed "magnets" and they caught
about 6 tons of iron per day. However, a relatively innocuous waste of
the lion's share is converted to dangerous toxins and poisons which are
in the form of oxides people get into the lungs.
Incinerator "Ecology".
This plant is designed to burn the bodies of the sick animals that are sick
dangerous diseases (FMD, Rabies). In addition, here are trying to
neutralize and other dangerous substances -
laboratory, industrial and domestic.
The table in Appendix B shows the economic
component of incinerators. Analyzing the table,
one can conclude that the incineration is
economically disadvantageous.
In Moscow lives less than 5% of the population of Russia, and waste
produced 20% of the All-Russian trash heap.
The total amount of waste being instilled in the Moscow regions- 10
million tons. And if half of industrial waste recycled, the household
garbage moved less than 1%.
Every resident of the Moscow region emits twice as much garbage than
the average Russian. Therefore, in the suburbs 41 official landfills, and
informal - a few thousand.
II.2 Disposal Methods
Without the use of innovative ways of waste treatment, there is a
good chance of turning the planet into a huge dump. Scientists
are constantly coming up and putting into practice the new
ways of processing solid waste. What techniques are used
today?
II.2.1 Waste sorting - Action sorting and waste collection,
depending on its origin. Separation of waste is done in order to avoid
mixing different types of waste and pollution. This process allows the
waste to give a "second life", in most cases due to its secondary use and
recycling. Separation of waste helps to prevent decomposition of
garbage, rotting and burning it in landfills. Consequently, reduced
adverse environmental impact. Waste can be sorted manually or by
special machines.
II.2.2 Waste disposal in landfills.
Burial in landfills today is the most common way in the world of waste
disposal. This method is applied to non-flammable waste and waste so
that during combustion emit toxic
substances.
The landfill waste (MSW) is not a normal
landfill. Modern landfills for utilizatsii- are
complex engineering structures equipped
with systems to combat pollution of
groundwater and air. Some landfills are able
to process gas produced in the process of rotting waste gas into
electricity and heat. K
Unfortunately, today it is more relevant to European countries, as Russia
is a very small percentage of the polygon corresponds to the data
characteristics.
The main disadvantage of conventional landfills is that even with the use
of numerous purification and utilization of this type of filter does not
completely eliminate the possibility of adverse effects such as
decomposition of waste fermentation and putrefaction which pollute the
air and water. Therefore, although relative to other methods of disposal,
disposal of MSW is quite cheap, ecologists recommend to recycle waste,
minimizing the risk of environmental pollution.
II.2.3 Natural methods of decomposition of solid waste.
Composting is a technology recycling, which is based on their natural
biodegradation. For this reason, commonly used for composting waste
with organic origin. Today, there are composting technology as food
waste and undivided flow of solid waste.
In our country, composting is not sufficiently known, and it is usually
used in the population or individual houses on garden plots. However,
the composting process may also be centralized and performed at special
sites, representing a processing plant (MSW)
organic debris. The end product of this process is
compost, which you can find various applications in
agriculture.
II.2.4 Thermal processing of solid waste.
Incineration. Low-temperature pyrolysis. High-
temperature pyrolysis (plasma processing)
Because household waste contains a high percentage of the organic
fraction of solid waste for recycling is often used thermal methods.
Thermal processing of waste (MSW) is a set of processes for waste heat
exposure required to reduce their volume and weight, neutralization, and
obtaining energy and inert materials (with the
possibility of recycling).
Important advantages of modern methods of
thermal processing are:
• Effective utilization of waste (total destruction of pathogenic
microorganisms);
• reduction of waste up to 10 times;
• The use of the energy potential of organic waste.
The main advantages of incineration are:
• high level of testing of technologies;
• commercially available equipment;
• long lifetime warranty;
• high level of automation.
The main trend in the development of incineration is the transition from
direct combustion of waste to the optimized combustion of MSW
obtained from the fuel fraction and a smooth transition from burning as
the liquidation process to burning debris as a process that provides
additional electric and thermal energy.
And today the most promising
application of plasma technology, thus
ensuring a temperature higher than the
melting point of the slag, which gives
able to get the output harmless vitrified
product and useful energy.
II.2.5 plasma processing waste (MSW)
Plasma processing waste (MSW) is essentially represents nothing more
than a waste gasification process. Technological scheme of the method
involves obtaining a biological component of waste gas in order to use it
to produce steam and electricity. An integral part of the plasma
processing are as solids nepirolizuemyh residues or slag.
A clear advantage of high-temperature pyrolysis is that this technique
enables environmentally friendly and relatively easy technically treated
and disposed of a variety of household waste without the need for pre-
treatment, ie, drying, grading, etc. And of course,
the use of this technique today is more profitable
from an economic point of view, the use of other,
more outdated techniques.
Besides, using this technology received at the
output of the slag product is perfectly safe and
can be used later for various purposes
Comparative analysis of methods of solid waste disposal in Russia and
European countries is given in the table in Annex B.
II.3 economic efficiency of municipal solid waste in Europe
II.3.1 Let's consider how the waste processing in Sweden for
example, Linkoping.
All the collected garbage in Linkoping, transported to the factory for
recycling of solid waste "Yerstadsverken." Structure debris entering the
plant such that:
• 85% of the total amount to organic produce
• 15% are plastic waste.
This garbage is sorted, and the useful fraction of waste sent to
specialized companies involved in their processing. The remaining
waste unfit for recycling burned. Annually "Yerstadsverkene" burned
about 330 thousand tons of municipal solid waste, of which the Swedes
get electricity and heat, which is enough for about 90% of urban
households.
Also from waste and biogas Swedes get used to the needs of urban
transport. Rational Swedes estimate that 4 tons of waste can get as much
energy as 1 ton of oil yields. If we translate the flaring of waste to oil
equivalent, it turns out that the resulting processing energy corresponds
to 82 thousand tons of oil
The end result is that no more than 7% of the total household garbage in
Linköping, as in the rest of Sweden is sent to landfill. Some figures for
comparison - the share of garbage unreprocessible the EU average is
around 45%. But in Russia the figure is altogether unprecedented 85%.
(diagram in Appendix D)
II.3.2 The German system of handling waste.
For the collection and sorting of waste in Germany are only used
containers. These containers are stored in specially designed for these
purposes, which is usually close to the lock. In addition the data
containers are not the same and different and are distinguished by their
color and style ejected debris in them.
According to the German system of containers:
• yellow - designed for plastic packaging.
• brown - to collect food and other biological waste.
• blue - paper.
• gray or black - to collect other household waste.
Figure in Appendix D
Also, there are special containers for glass, batteries and more. Although
the Germans today do not emit so much glass, because in recent years in
the German stores have started to take over many bottles of collateral, so
they can freely pass into the store and get some pretty decent money by
our standards.
We even hard to imagine, but in Germany no dumps near the garbage
cans does not happen, because every day early in the morning they
emptied the garbage workers of companies. They come in cars equipped
with sections for different categories of waste. Next machine debris
should at special factories where their contents are sorted and then
processed into recyclable materials. Waste not suitable for recycling
used energy as fuel.
In short, the Germans did not wasted, even garbage. Moreover, in recent
years, it turned out that such an effective system for the collection and
disposal of solid waste, in addition to the purely environmental benefits
are also able to smooth out and serious energy problems of the country.
Special breakthrough in this area occurred when German authorities
banned store garbage in landfills. Unprocessed waste be necessary to do
something with, and systems that produce electricity and heat due to the
burning of waste in the country began to grow by leaps and bounds.
Today there are more than a hundred units, which are designed to
dispose of more than 18 million tons of debris. And it is here that in
Germany for the year is going to "only" around 14 million tons of waste.
And in order to be able to operate these facilities, the rest have to take
their neighbors. Yet underpaid and the Germans for what they relieve
them of debris. Thus, the Germans did not only get heat and electricity
from waste, but also get paid for it!
II.3.3 Slovenia is deservedly considered one
of the cleanest countries in Europe.
In Slovenia, not only the state and
enterprises for processing waste watching
ecology environment, but also the people themselves. On the integrity of
each person depends on the purity of his country, which directly affects
the quality of water, food and air.
In Slovenia, began to sort waste more than 10 years ago. Almost all over
Slovenia organized system of separate waste collection. Each person on
average produces about 450 pounds of waste each year. In Ljubljana
50% of waste is recycled.
That Slovenia has always been a wonderful green, residents sort trash
for recycling and reuse. In Slovenia, as a rule, near the private houses
and apartment buildings are four separate containers for different types
of waste: paper, glass, packaging / plastic and organic waste.
ΙΙΙ. findings
Possible solutions to this problem
Restore order on our streets, in our cities and in our country can be if
each of us to reflect and change their attitude towards waste disposal.
First, you need to keep clean your home, school, workplace, street,
district, etc.
Of course, the problem of increasing illegal dumps throughout the
country, it is possible to stop only radically changed the state's approach
to the problem of garbage and create a full infrastructure for processing
solid waste:
• Develop a system carefully considered action, motivating the Russians
to the primary sorting of household waste. If we all sort waste in
landfills that will be the only ones that can not be recycled and reused;
• prohibit the burning of unsorted garbage, recyclable;
• at the legislative level to introduce a decree banning spurned organic
waste (for example, in Sweden producers of goods lay in the cost of
packaging, as well as the whole of the goods, the price of its disposal);
• organize a collection point for hazardous or toxic wastes, such as
energy-saving lamps, the remnants of paint, fuel or other toxic wastes,
and organize their proper disposal;
• implement special procedures and technologies for waste disposal
companies and hospitals;
• increase the number of waste treatment plants. Business development
in the field of waste management happen if this trend will be supported
by government programs.
IV. Memo "Rules environmental behavior":
1. Do not leave trash in nature and do not throw it in the streets; not to
break branches, do not rip shrubs without damaging the bark;
2. Do not drain the dirty water, gasoline reservoirs, do not throw garbage
there;
3. not to kindle a fire, in extreme cases, you need to carefully extinguish
it, so it does not become the cause of a fire;
4. glass, metal and plastic - more than a hundred years old recycled in
nature, inflicting massive damage. Therefore, these products should be
given to recycling;
5. know the environmental problems of our time, to see their causes and
propose solutions;
6. All the actions commensurate with the principle of sustainability, that
is not harming the environment;
7. be responsible and take care of the environment in which you live, to
realize that inflicting harm, as a result, to harm himself.
8. take priority wildlife conservation in its original form, over its value
in the form of mining and mineral resources.
Appendix A
Sort burning
capex
rubles / ton
land
m2 / tonne
120
6600
operation
rubles / ton 600 1200
600
1200
electricity generation
Kw / h per ton
27
25
land
m2 / tonne
0,17
0,4
Chart - These companies "Russian Technologies"
Appendix B
Table - according to the calculations of experts
Sort burning
capex
rubles / ton 120 6600
operation
rubles / ton 600 1200
electricity generation
Kw / h per ton 27 25
land
m2 / tonne 0.17 0.4
Appendix B
Table - Comparative analysis of methods of solid waste disposal in
Russia and Europe
country
Type of processing Russia Sweden Slovenia Germany Note
Waste sorting - + + +
Ground filling + - - -
Composting + + is not widespread
Combustion + - - -
Low-temperature pyrolysis - + + +
Plasma processing - + + +
Appendix D
Chart - Total piece of garbage that is sent to landfill
Annex E
We conducted a survey of students of 5-9 grades of our school and it
showed that 90% of children do not even know about the possibility of
waste sorting and recycling of solid waste. And abroad only 5-8% of
pupils throw rubbish sorting.
The fact that children abroad are taught to sort trash from early
childhood. Teachers take the time out to teach children. They each
student on the desk lay a lot of containers with different symbols. Such
containers on their desks very much.
Our questionnaire included the following questions:
1. Why do I need to sort the trash?
"I do not know" - said 68%
2. And you you put garbage in the correct container?
"No" - responded to 100%, because such we simply do not
3. How do you sortiruesh garbage?
"None" - responded 98% 2% - sorted: household one container to
another building.
4. Do you think that you have to sort the trash?
"Yes" - 38% "do not know" - 68%
5. How do you think, why can not the garbage?
There was a lot of useful answers ...
6. Do you know what is ecology?
"Yes" - 100%
7. How does the garbage on the planet for our environment?
"Poor" - 100%
8. Did you know that if you pass the glass, paper and plastic we can get
the money?
"No" - 70% "yes" - 30%
9. Did you know that plastic to keep separate from the paper and glass?
And what does it do?
"No" - 89% "yes" - 11%
10. Do you know what a recycling plant?
"Yes" - 73%, "Maybe" - 20% "No" - 7%
11. Do you think this information important?
"Yes" - 93%, "Maybe" - 7%
12. Do you think that you are responsible for our planet?
"Yes" - 100%
V. Sources used
- profiz.ru
- gazeta.ru
- novostroykino.ru
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