Презентация "Pronouns In Old English" 11 класс

Pronouns

In Old English

The characteristic features of pronouns is not only their lexical meaning but their use to that of a noun and an adjective. The characteristic features of pronouns is not only their lexical meaning but their use to that of a noun and an adjective. 1. the presence of a dual number of pronouns of the 1st and the 2nd person

• 1. the presence of a dual number of pronouns of the 1st and the 2nd person
• 2. the absence of possessive pronouns. Instead of them there is a form of Genitive case of the personal pronoun
• 3. the presence of a special group of the definite pronouns that have already (almost) lost their main meaning of definite pronoun, having formed in the definite article
• 4. the saving of Accusative case in the separate groups of pronouns

Proprieties of

Pronouns

The groups of Pronouns

personal

demonstrative

interrogative

negative

indefinite

Declension of personal pronouns

person	case/ number	singular			dual	plural
1st	Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc.	ic mīn mē mec, mē			wit uncer unc uncit	wē ūre, ūser ūs ūsic, ūs
2nd	Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc.	Þu Þin Þe Þēc, Þē			ȝit incer inc incit, inc	ȝē ēowr ēow ēowic, ēow
		singular			plural
3rd		M	F	N	all genders
	Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc.	hē his him hine	hēo,hīo hire,hiere hire, hiere hie, hi, hȳ	hit his him hit	hīe, hī, hȳ, hēo hire, heora, hierra, hyra him, heom hīe, hī, hȳ, hēo

The OE personal pronoun ‘heo’ was replaced by ‘sho’ or ‘she’ from the OE demonstrative ‘seo’ used in the north-East; the 3rd person plural ‘hie’ was replaced by the Scandinavian ‘they’. The OE personal pronoun ‘heo’ was replaced by ‘sho’ or ‘she’ from the OE demonstrative ‘seo’ used in the north-East; the 3rd person plural ‘hie’ was replaced by the Scandinavian ‘they’. Declension of demonstrative pronouns

case	singular			plural
	M	F	N
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Instr.	sē, se Þǣs Þǣm, Þām Þone Þy, Þon	seo Þǣre Þǣre Þā Þǣre	Þǣt Þǣs Þǣm, Þām Þǣt Þy, Þon	Þa ÞNegative pronounsra, Þǣra Þām, Þǣm Þā Þǣm, Þām
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Instr.	Þēs Þises Þisum Þisne Þisse	Þēos Þisse Þisse Þās Þīsse	Þis Þisses Þisum Þis Þisse	Þās Þissa Þisum Þās Þisum

Declension of interrogative pronouns

case	gender
	Masculine	Neuter
Nom.	hwā	hwæt
Gen.	hwæs
Dat.	hwǣm
Acc.	hwone	hwæt
Instr.		hwȳ

Declension of Indefinite and Negative pronouns Declension of Indefinite and Negative pronouns Indefinite pronouns: sum, ǣniȝ, ȝehwā, swilc, ǣlc, ǣȝber, sē ilca Negative pronouns developed from the phrases: ne+ān > nān, ne + ǣniȝ > nǣniȝ Endings of Pronouns

• 1. –m, Dative case, Singular, Masculine and Neuter
• 2. –re, Genitive and Dative cases, Singular, Feminine
• 3. –ne, Accusative case, Singular, Masculine
• 4. –ra, Genitive case, Plural, three genders